Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 深度上下限 5 - 200 m (Ref. 85369), usually 10 - 70 m (Ref. 4). 12°C - 16°C (Ref. 114562), preferred 11°C (Ref. 107945); 61°N - 27°N, 32°W - 36°E (Ref. 114562)
分布
國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 簡介
Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from Norway to Morocco. Subtropical to temperate.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 10.0, range 7 - 8 cm Max length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm BASL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 441); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 85318)
Traditionally caught by traps, pots and sometimes by hand (e.g., diving and spearing; Refs. 441, 85369), but these gears were eventually replaced with trammel nets (Ref. 85369). Minimum depth from Ref. 4.
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Breeds once a year between June and October. Larger females mate and lay eggs earlier during breeding season while smaller females spawn towards the end (Ref. 85364).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
FAO - 漁業: landings | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 19.6, mean 11.9 (based on 808 cells).
回復力
中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.13-0.21; tm=4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.22, 95% CL = 0.14 - 0.33, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
瀕危性
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
