Common names from other countries
Classification / Names
आम नाम | उपशब्द | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
; गहराई सीमा 0 - 150 m (संदर्भ 4), usually ? - 50 m (संदर्भ 4). Subtropical, preferred 12°C (संदर्भ 107945); 69°N - 29°N, 28°W - 32°E (संदर्भ 4)
Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Not in east of Crete and in the Baltic Sea.
Length at first maturity / आकार / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 8.9, range 8 - 8.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (संदर्भ 441); common length : 40.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (संदर्भ 441); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 6.0 kg (संदर्भ 4); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 72 वर्षो (संदर्भ 81081)
Common total length: 23 to 50 cm. Occurs on the continental shelf at depths of 0 to 150 m, usually not deeper than 50 m. Found on hard substrates such as rock or hard mud. Nocturnal and territorial living in holes or crevices. Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Indiscriminate scavengers, omnivorous or carnivorous. Feeds primarily on malacostracan crustaceans, gastropod mollusks, and polychaete annelids; but diet known to include carrion, echinoderms, lamellibranchs and plant matter (Ref. 96319).
Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Coupling occurs a few days after the female molts (Ref. 80921).
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (संदर्भ 4)
IUCN Red List Status
(संदर्भ 130435: Version 2024-2)
CITES status (संदर्भ 108899)
Not Evaluated
CMS (संदर्भ 116361)
Not Evaluated
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: उच्च वाणिज्य; जलीयकृषि: प्रयोगात्मक
FAO - मात्स्यिकी: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us
साधन
इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 13.3, mean 10.4 (based on 494 cells).
लौटाव
ऊंचा, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी समय अवलागत 15 महीने। (K=0.79-1.0; Fec=13,000).
Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Vulnerability
Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).