Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
; tiefenbereich 0 - 150 m (Ref. 4), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 4). Subtropical, preferred 12°C (Ref. 107945); 69°N - 29°N, 28°W - 32°E (Ref. 4)
Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Not in east of Crete and in the Baltic Sea.
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 8.9, range 8 - 8.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 441); max. veröff. Gewicht: 6.0 kg (Ref. 4); max. veröff. Alter: 72 Jahre (Ref. 81081)
Common total length: 23 to 50 cm. Occurs on the continental shelf at depths of 0 to 150 m, usually not deeper than 50 m. Found on hard substrates such as rock or hard mud. Nocturnal and territorial living in holes or crevices. Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Indiscriminate scavengers, omnivorous or carnivorous. Feeds primarily on malacostracan crustaceans, gastropod mollusks, and polychaete annelids; but diet known to include carrion, echinoderms, lamellibranchs and plant matter (Ref. 96319).
Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Coupling occurs a few days after the female molts (Ref. 80921).
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES Status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: hoch kommerziell; Aquakultur: experimental
FAO - Fischereien: landings, Artbeschreibung | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Tools
Internet Quellen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 13.3, mean 10.4 (based on 494 cells).
Widerstandsfähigkeit
hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (K=0.79-1.0; Fec=13,000).
Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Verwundbarkeit
Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).