Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
βενθοπελαγικό; εύρος βάθους 20 - 828 m (Αναφ. 8), usually 100 - 400 m (Αναφ. 8). Subtropical; 8°C - 15°C (Αναφ. 804), preferred 24°C (Αναφ. 107945); 48°N - 19°S, 98°W - 37°E
Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from USA to French Guiana, the entire Mediterranean and from Portugal to Namibia.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 2.4, range 1 - 2.8 cm Max length : 16.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 8); 19 cm TL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 8); common length :16 cm TL (female); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 3.00 έτη (Αναφ. 80253)
Demersal (Ref. 85316). Maximum depth range from Ref. 114857; minimum common depth from Ref. 80253. Maximum total length (female) from Ref. 104052 Prefers mud or muddy sand substrates (Ref. 8). Juveniles settle at around 100 m, though can be detected up to 300 m, while larger individuals are always found deeper than 350 m (Ref. 80253). Feeds on benthic organisms (clams, mysids and small crangonids; Ref. 434). Also occurs in pelagic depths between 100 to 200 m (Ref. 92299). Opportunistic predator (Ref. 112170).
The species has a life cycle of 2 to 3 years (Ref. 80253). Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833).
Holthuis, L.B. 1980. (Αναφ. 8)
IUCN Red List Status
(Αναφ. 130435: Version 2024-2)
CITES status (Αναφ. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά)
FAO - αλιεία: landings, species profile | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Η θάλασσα γύρω μας
Εργαλεία
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 9.4 - 19.5, mean 14 (based on 393 cells).
Ελαστικότητα
Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (K=0.44-2; tm=0.6; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.40, 95% CL = 0.92 - 2.10, Based on 15 full stock assessments.
Vulnerability
Low vulnerability (15 of 100).