Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
بوم شناسي
; تغييرات عمق 5 - 200 m (مرجع 85369), usually 10 - 70 m (مرجع 4). Subtropical; 12°C - 16°C (مرجع 114562), preferred 11°C (مرجع 107945); 61°N - 27°N, 32°W - 36°E (مرجع 114562)
Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from Norway to Morocco. Subtropical to temperate.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
Maturity: Lm 10.0, range 7 - 8 cm Max length : 50.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 441); common length : 40.0 cm BASL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 441); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 15 سال ها (مرجع 85318)
Traditionally caught by traps, pots and sometimes by hand (e.g., diving and spearing; Refs. 441, 85369), but these gears were eventually replaced with trammel nets (Ref. 85369). Minimum depth from Ref. 4. Occurs at depths between shore to 200 m, on rocky bottoms and coralligenous substrates where there are lots of protective holes and micro-caves. Adults may be solitary, in pairs or in small groups. Highly omnivorous and preys on hard-shelled bottom dwelling organisms, i.e., mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans. They are generalists and opportunistic feeders depending on the abundance of benthic organisms (Ref. 85369). Ovigerous females are observed from September to October and February to March (Ref. 4).
Breeds once a year between June and October. Larger females mate and lay eggs earlier during breeding season while smaller females spawn towards the end (Ref. 85364).
مآخذ اصلی
مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران
Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (مرجع 4)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN
(مرجع 130435: Version 2024-2)
وضعيت از نظر سايتس (مرجع 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري
FAO - ماهي گيري – شيلات: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us
ابزارها
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 7.7 - 19.6, mean 11.9 (based on 808 cells).
جهندگی
متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.13-0.21; tm=4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.22, 95% CL = 0.14 - 0.33, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
آسيب پذيری
Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).