Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
Bentopelagis; kisaran kedalaman 20 - 828 m (Ref. 8), usually 100 - 400 m (Ref. 8). Subtropical; 8°C - 15°C (Ref. 804), preferred 24°C (Ref. 107945); 48°N - 19°S, 98°W - 37°E
Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from USA to French Guiana, the entire Mediterranean and from Portugal to Namibia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 2.4, range 1 - 2.8 cm Max length : 16.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 8); 19 cm TL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 8); common length :16 cm TL (female); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 3.00 Tahun (Ref. 80253)
Demersal (Ref. 85316). Maximum depth range from Ref. 114857; minimum common depth from Ref. 80253. Maximum total length (female) from Ref. 104052
The species has a life cycle of 2 to 3 years (Ref. 80253). Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833).
rujukan utama
Acuan | Koordinator | mitra
Holthuis, L.B. 1980. (Ref. 8)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
status CITES (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
FAO - Perikanan: landings, profail spesis | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Alat, peralatan
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 9.4 - 19.5, mean 14 (based on 393 cells).
Daya lenting
Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (K=0.44-2; tm=0.6; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.40, 95% CL = 0.92 - 2.10, Based on 15 full stock assessments.
keancaman
Low vulnerability (15 of 100).