Common names from other countries
Classification / Names / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
底中水層性; 深度上下限 20 - 828 m (Ref. 8), usually 100 - 400 m (Ref. 8). 8°C - 15°C (Ref. 804), preferred 24°C (Ref. 107945); 48°N - 19°S, 98°W - 37°E
Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from USA to French Guiana, the entire Mediterranean and from Portugal to Namibia.
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 2.4, range 1 - 2.8 cm Max length : 16.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8); 19 cm TL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 8); common length :16 cm TL (female); 最大年齡: 3.00 年 (Ref. 80253)
Demersal (Ref. 85316). Maximum depth range from Ref. 114857; minimum common depth from Ref. 80253. Maximum total length (female) from Ref. 104052
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
The species has a life cycle of 2 to 3 years (Ref. 80253). Mating behavior: Precopulatory courtship ritual is common (through olfactory and tactile cues); usually indirect sperm transfer (Ref. 833).
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Holthuis, L.B. 1980. (Ref. 8)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
CITES狀態 (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
FAO - 漁業: landings, 魚種描繪 | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋
工具
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 9.4 - 19.5, mean 14 (based on 393 cells).
回復力
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.44-2; tm=0.6; tmax=3).
Prior r = 1.40, 95% CL = 0.92 - 2.10, Based on 15 full stock assessments.
瀕危性
Low vulnerability (15 of 100).