| Main Ref. | Coles, S.L., R.C. DeFelice, L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 1999 |
| To | Oahu |
| FAO area | Pacific, Eastern Central |
| From | Not specified |
| FAO area | |
| Year | |
| Range | 1968 - 1972 |
| Period | 1950-1974 |
| Established in the Wild | yes, self reproducing |
| Established in Aquaculture | |
| Significant Ecological Interactions | probably yes - adverse |
| Significant Socio-economic Effects | |
| Introduced by | |
| Reason | accidental with ships |
| Other Reason | |
| Comments | Subsequently reported from Pearl Harbor in 1974 (Ref. 3248). Both reports this as Ascidia melanostoma whish is native to the area but recent studies considers these records as morpholigical variants of P. nigra. Impact is unstudied but known as a fouling organism which can compete with other fouling and shallow-water invertebrates for space. Ref. DeFelice, R.C., L.G. Eldredge and J.T. Carlton, 2001 |