Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; freshwater; brackish. Subtropical; 36°N - 25°N, 106°W - 75°W

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Western Central Atlantic: Southeast USA (Alabama, Arkansas, North and South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 1.8 range ? - ? cm Max length : 427 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 80293); 309.9 cm TL (female); max. published weight: 473.10 g (Ref. 80293); max. published weight: 473.10 g

Short description Morphology

Broad snout with bony nasal bridge; edge of upper jaw overlaps with teeth of lower jaw when mouth closed. Juveniles are miniature adults with bright yellow cross-bands on black skin; yellow bands turn to olive brown. Skin around jaws, neck and belly are creamy white. Pale ventral surface, scales near tail black. Bony plates on scales of belly. Olive green eyes (Ref. 77040). Sexual dimorphism visible only on juveniles and adults greater than 0.6 m.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Courtship rituals involve rapid head-slapping on water surface, body postures reinforced with odor from musk glands. Courtship synchronizes spermatogenesis and ovulation. Female creates the nest, often the same site each year and near an 'alligator hole' from freshly torn up vegetation and mud (usually at the start of summer) above the water level. Female lays 20-50 eggs (average of 40-45), remains near the nest until eggs hatch, sometimes breaking the egg to help hatchlings out. She then takes 8-10 hatchlings in her mouth and carries them to the water encouraging them to swim out. Juveniles form pods which often stay close to the mother for a period of up to 2 years.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Britton, A. 2002. (Ref. 77040)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Not Evaluated

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Traumatogenic

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Tools

E-book | Field guide

More information

Trophic Ecology

Food items
Diet
Food consumption
Ration
Predators

Ecology

Ecology
Home ranges

Population dynamics

Growth
Age/Size
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Recruitment
Abundance

Life cycle

Reproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larval dynamics

Distribution

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions

Human Related

Aquaculture profile
Stamps, Coins Misc.

Outreach

Collaborators

Taxonomy

Common names
Synonyms
Morphology
Pictures

References

Internet sources

Estimates based on models

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Very high vulnerability (78 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Comments & Corrections

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