Gymnolaemata |
Ctenostomatida |
Vesiculariidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Sessile; depth range 0 - 13 m (Ref. 2672). Subtropical; 61°N - 34°S, 114°E - 54°E
Eastern Pacific, Southwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea: from China to Gulf of Mexico, Europe, South Africa and east to Caspian Sea. Temperate and subtropical.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Minimum depth from Ref. 116066. Epibenthic, encrusting (Ref. 116066).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Members of the phylum Bryozoa are hermaphroditic. Both fertilization and egg brooding may either be internal or external.
Soule, J.D. 1963. (Ref. 874)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
More information
Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Morphology
Larvae
Abundance
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 8.9 - 16.1, mean 11 (based on 798 cells).
Price category
Unknown.