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Fulmarus glacialis, Northern fulmar

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Fulmarus glacialis   (Linnaeus, 1761)

Northern fulmar
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Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Aves | Procellariiformes | Procellariidae

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Others; depth range 0 - 3 m (Ref. 61016), usually 0 - 1 m (Ref. 61016).  Temperate; 86°N - 35°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 124582)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and the Arctic.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 51.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 580.00 g (Ref. 356)

Short description Morphology

Culmen: 5.503 cm; tarsus: 5.08 cm; wing: 33.02 cm.

Biology     Glossary (e.g. epibenthic)

Total Length: 45 to 51 cm; Wingspan: 102 to 112 cm (Ref. 8812). A northern hemisphere species of medium to large birds. Ability to delay fertilization of ovum during breeding by presence of microtubules in the uterovaginal area as sperm-storage glands (Ref. 87784) Surface seizing; shallow plunging; up to 300 km from colony; ice-associated (Ref. 356). A northern hemisphere species and one of the largest global population of seabirds at >10 million individuals. Often scavengers; foraging technique of being able to harvest prey underwater (Ref. 87784). Largely dependent on pelagic prey. In the North Sea off the east coast of Scotland and northern England, is known to feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711). Before pair formation, female prospecting period characterized by visiting different parts of the colony and even different colonies. Older breeders often return to breeding colony earlier than young birds and have the highest nesting success. Copulation takes place inshore and the delayed fertilization of the ovum happens out at sea, allowing birds to feed while egg is forming and prior to the long fasts during egg incubation. Monogamy important due to intensive nest site defense, that may extend for months prior to egg-laying; also as male and female share feeding and guarding shifts during brooding. Chicks accumulate huge amount of nonstructural body fat during development, up to 30% of body mass, prior to fledging; prefledging mass recession completely due to water loss in tissues as they attain functional maturity. Field Metabolic Rates (FMR) decrease with wind speed in this species. Vulnerable to long-line fisheries (Ref. 87784).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Gray, C.M., R.A. Phillips and K.C. Hamer. 2003. (Ref. 91621)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)

  Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 07 August 2018

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses


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Trophic Ecology
Food items
Diet composition
Food consumption
Food rations
Predators
Ecology
Ecology
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Growth
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
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Abundance
Life cycle
Reproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Distribution
Countries
FAO areas
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Occurrences
Introductions
Human Related
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Taxonomy
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References
References

Internet sources

BHL | BOLD Systems | CISTI | DiscoverLife | FAO(Publication : search) | Fishipedia | GenBank (genome, nucleotide) | GloBI | Gomexsi | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | PubMed | Tree of Life | Wikipedia (Go, Search) | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 0.4 - 14.5, mean 5.8 (based on 2846 cells).
Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=34.48-34.63).
Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

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