Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range पारिस्थितिकी

. Tropical

वितरण देश | ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र | Ecosystems | संयोग | भूमिका

Northeast Pacific and Western Central Atlantic.

Length at first maturity / आकार / वज़न / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 114 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 8812); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 3.2 kg (Ref. 356)

Short description आकृति विज्ञान

Culmen: 28.9 cm; tarsus: 8.0 cm; wing: 5.13.5 cm.

Wingspan: 203 cm (Ref. 8812). Occupies coastal areas (Ref. 356). Only pelican species to plunge dive for fish. Forms feeding flocks (Florida). Feeds on anchovies in southern California. New colony may form from roost (birds loafing in areas other than their nesting colony). Facultative kleptoparasitism, or food theft, by shallow-diving Band-tailed Gulls (Larus belcheri), and Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) that preferentially steal fish from adults; in turn, pelicans attack deeper-diving Peruvian Boobies (Sula variegata). Neck molts to brown prior to its move into its nesting colony where courtship and pair formation occurs. Exhibits communal pre-pairing; head-turning behavior during mate selection and courtship where male and female display ritually by turning their head and bill (its weapon) away from each other; pair forms at location where male advertises. May mate within hours of pairing, possibly with same mate from a previous season; first egg laid after 3-10 days. Surface-nesting species; tree-nesting. Atricial; typically lays 3 eggs that hatch asynchronously; where first hatchling is larger than siblings and will generally have monopoly over feeding; chicks thermoregulate by huddling; all 3 hatched young are raised by parent only on years when food is abundant. Chicks feed on regurgitated fish from its parents' gullets. Mortality rate of immature birds is 70% in the first 15 months. In Florida, after the breeding season, migrates both north and south from their breeding site, while those nesting farther north move to the south. Severe ENSO (El Niño) events affecting the Humboldt current caused regular collapse of huge populations (20 times in the last 100 years) due to great drop in food availability; 1982-1982 ENSO event in Peru and Ecuador caused a huge drop in population numbers (presumed to have died). Significant egg-shell thinning due to DDT pesticide exposure in the 1960s documented in southern California with notable population declines; and breeding populations disappeared widely from the southeastern US. Oil pollution cause reduction in hatchability, growth retardation, developmental defects and increased sublethal effects in chicks. Intense fishing pressures in feeding areas cause population declines due to breeding failure (Ref. 87784).

Life cycle and mating behavior परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | Fecundity | लार्वा

Main reference संदर्भ | संयोजक | सहयोगीयो

Stiles, F.G. 1984. (Ref. 5856)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 August 2018

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

| FishSource |

साधन

E-book | कार्यक्षेत्र पथप्रदर्शक

अधिक जानकारी

देश
ऐफ ऐ ओ क्षेत्र
Ecosystems
संयोग
भूमिका
Stocks
पारिस्थितिकी
आहार
खाद्य पदार्थ

आम नाम
उपशब्द
परभक्षी
पुनरुत्पत्ति
परिपक्व अवधि
मछलीऔ का अंडे देना
Fecundity
अंडे
Egg development

Age/Size
बाढ़
Length-weight
Length-length
आकृति विज्ञान
लार्वा
बहुतायत

संदर्भ
Mass conversion

सहयोगीयो
तस्वीरे

इंटरनेट स्रोत

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 19.5 - 28.1, mean 27 (based on 1074 cells).

लौटाव (Ref. 69278): ऊंचा, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी समय अवलागत 15 महीने। (K=26.34-29.07).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus, 1766