Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 0 - 480 m (Ref. 4), usually 4 - 50 m (Ref. 4). Temperate, preferred 6°C (Ref. 107945); 54°N - 35°N, 78°W - 52°W (Ref. 4)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Northwest Atlantic and Western Atlantic.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 8.8, range 7 - 9 cm Max length : 114 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 81053); common length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4); max. published weight: 1.7 kg (Ref. 81053)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

The females carry their eggs for 10 to 11 months, ovigerous females are found throughout the year (Ref. 4). 0.5 broods per year (Ref. 81148); 0.15 cm postlarval size (Ref. 81158); 1 month pelagic period (Ref. 81159).

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 03 December 2009

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Trophic Ecology

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 2.7 - 15.4, mean 10.2 (based on 112 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.07-0.09; tm=5).

Prior r = 0.47, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.71, Based on 2 full stock assessments.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients : Calcium = 109 [35, 184] mg/100g; Iron = 1.59 [1.21, 1.97] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.185, 0.386] g/100g; Selenium = 48.3 [-31.7, 128.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.79 [1.17, 2.40] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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