Aves |
Ciconiiformes |
Spheniscidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Others. Polar
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 68.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 4.4 kg (Ref. 356)
Total population is 6,500,000 pairs. It was observed to increase in numbers and extend it geographical range due to increase in food availability (Ref. 84934). This is a gregarious, bold and aggressive species (Ref. 91362). Pursuit diving (Ref. 356).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Harrison, P. 1987. (Ref. 91362)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Tools
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Resilience
High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=1.27-3.31).
Vulnerability
Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.