Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 20 - 800 m (Ref. 441), usually 200 - 600 m (Ref. 88009). Temperate, preferred 16°C (Ref. 107945); 72°N - 27°N, 25°W - 27°E

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: From Finnmark, Norway south to Libya west to the Canary Is. and east to Aegean Sea. Subtropical to polar.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 3.2, range 2 - 5.5 cm Max length : 24.0 cm BL male/unsexed; (Ref. 441); common length : 19.0 cm BL male/unsexed; (Ref. 441)

Total body length: 8 to 24 cm, usually between 10 to 20 cm (Ref. 4).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Ovigerous females are found practically throughout the year, the eggs laid around July are carried for about 9 months (Ref. 4). 1 brood per year (Ref. 81133); 1.6 cm postlarval size (Ref. 81161); 1 month of pelagic period (Ref. 81160).

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 December 2009

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 3.3 - 13.7, mean 7.8 (based on 273 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.03-0.44; tm=2).

Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 36 full stock assessments.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients : Calcium = 109 [35, 184] mg/100g; Iron = 1.59 [1.21, 1.97] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.185, 0.386] g/100g; Selenium = 48.3 [-31.7, 128.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.79 [1.17, 2.40] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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