Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Cephalopoda | Oegopsida | Ommastrephidae | Ommastrephinae

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Pelagic; depth range 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 275). Tropical; 35°N - 42°S, 19°E - 75°W (Ref. 97142)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Indo-Pacific. Tropical to subtropical.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ?, range 18 - 51.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm ML male/unsexed; (Ref. 97142); max. published weight: 8.5 kg (Ref. 97142)

On the basis of size differences of mature squid, as well as dorsal photophore and gladius morphology, 5 forms of undetermined status are distinguishable: 1) Dwarf form without a dorsal photophore. 2) Dwarf form with a dorsal photophore. 3) Middle-sized, typical form with a dorsal photophore and double axes on the gladius. 4) Middle-sized not typical form with a dorsal photophore and a single axis on the gladius. 5) Giant form with a dorsal photophore and a single axis on the gladius (Ref. 97142).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Mating occurs in surface layers at night in "head to head" position without preliminary rituals; promiscuity probably common. Duration of copulation short: 0.5 to 2 minutes. Spawning takes place at night in the epipelagic zone all year round, with the duration of the spawning season for individual females up to 1 to 3 months. An intermittent, multibatch spawner. After spawning once, females continue to feed and grow, while the next portion of oocytes matures; then spawning begins again. Each subsequent batch is quasi-equal in egg numbers. Egg masses are pelagic, and they float above the upper pycnocline layer. Are fast-swimming, highly manoeuvrable, and nektonic; reacts very quickly to any change in its surroundings. Juveniles are capable of "flying" during daytime (Ref. 97142).

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney and C.E. Nauen. 1984. (Ref. 275)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 10 May 2010

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 9.2 - 21.9, mean 13.8 (based on 795 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=2.18-2.39).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium.

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