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Non-breeding individuals are found on riverbanks, streams, dam shores, marshy areas, estuaries, tidal creeks in mangrove swamps, salt marshes, harbours and docks. Feeds on insects, spiders, molluscs, snails, crustaceans, annelids and occasionally frogs, toads, tadpoles and small fish, and plant material (Ref. 107892).
Hüppop, O., J. Dierschke, K.-M. Exo, E. Fredrich and R. Hill 2006 Bird Migration and Offshore Wind Turbines. In Ch. 9: 91-117. Köller, J., J. Köppel and W. Peters (eds.). Offshore Wind Energy, Research on Environmental Impacts. Springer: Germany. 371 pp. (参考文献 96348)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书
(参考文献 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))