Echinoidea |
Camarodonta |
Toxopneustidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
; Υφάλμυρο; εύρος βάθους 0 - 50 m (Αναφ. 83942). Tropical; 37°N - 33°S, 99°W - 28°W
Western Central Atlantic: from USA to Brazil, throughout the Caribbean.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Weight / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 11.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 415)
This an epibenthic, subtidal species found in seagrass (Ref. 83942), particularly Thalassia sp. beds and lagoonal mangrove cays (Ref. 86574).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Eggs | Γονιμότητα | Larvae
Members of the class Echinoidea are gonochoric. Fertilization is external. Brooding is common, eggs are held either on the peristome, around the periproct or deep into the concavities on the petaloids. Life cycle: Embryos develop into planktotrophic larvae (echinoplateus) and live for several months before they sink to the bottom using their tube feet to adhere on the ground where they metamorphose into young urchins.
Collin, R., M.C. Díaz, J. Norenburg, R.M. Rocha, J.A. Sánchez, M. Schulze, A. Schwartz and A. Valdés 2005 Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science. 41(3):638-707. (Αναφ. 415)
IUCN Red List Status
(Αναφ. 130435: Version 2025-1)
CITES status (Αναφ. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Εργαλεία
Περισσότερες πληροφορίες
Population dynamicsΑύξησηMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionΑφθονία PhysiologyΚατανάλωση οξυγόνου
Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.1 (based on 306 cells).
Fishing Vulnerability
Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.