Not assigned | 
Not assigned | 
Phoronidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Sessile; brackish; depth range 10 - 400 m (Ref. 83939).  Subtropical			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Cosmopolitan.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 12.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 402)			
			
			
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Intertidal to a depth of 10 m (Ref. 116110).  A benthic species found on muddy and sandy bottoms particularly in subtidal areas (Ref. 83939). Found in muddy estuarine and inshore areas associated with organic pollutants. A microvore that feeds on organic detritus (Ref. 96352).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
					Members of the phylum Phoronida are mostly hermaphroditic.  Life cycle:  Embryos develop into free-swimming planktotrophic actinotrocha larvae which later sinks to the bottom and metamorphose into benthic adults.				
			
			
			
			
			
				Hansson, H.G. 1999 NEAT (North East Atlantic Taxa): South Scandinavian marine "Lophophorata" Check-list. Internet. Pdf Ed., Feb. 1999. http://www.tmbl.gu.se (Ref. 997)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
				 | FishSource | 			
			
			
			
			
			
Tools
			
			
			
			
				
					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowth
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Abundance
  Life cycleReproductionMaturityFecunditySpawningEggsEgg developmentLarvae   PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  				 
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
									
						Preferred temperature  					
				 (Ref. 
115969): 4.9 - 19.9, mean 8.8 (based on 1559 cells).			
 
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Low vulnerability (10 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.