Aves | 
Procellariiformes | 
Procellariidae
			
			
			
				Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range				
				
					Ecology				
				
			
			
				Others; depth range 0 - 93 m (Ref. 120202), usually 20 - 70 m (Ref. 120202).  Temperate; 65°N -   67°S, 180°W -   180°E (Ref. 125423)			
			
			
				
			
			
			
				Circumglobal.
			
			
			
			
			
				Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
			
			
				Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 869.00 g (Ref. 356)			
			
			
							
				
				
					
						Culmen: 4.14 cm; tarsus: 5.67 cm; wing: 30.0 cm.					
				
				
						
			
			
			
			
				
					Total Length:  40 to 46 cm; Wingspan:  94 to 104 cm (Ref. 8812).  Wingspan: 105 cm (Ref. 91362). Nocturnal (Ref. 87784). Exhibits pursuit plunging and surface diving (Ref. 356). Gregarious at sea.  Does not typically trail ships (Ref. 91362).  Mean maximum diving depth on foraging trips, 39 m, and greatest depth recorded at 67 m. During the northern summer, migrates from the Antipodes into the North Pacific. In New Zealand, displaced their foraging competitors, the Antarctic Terns (Sterna vittata) from crustacean swarms by agitating the tern flock and covering the foraging surface in dense rafts.  Does not breed in the North Pacific despite multitudes spending austral winter there after their long transequatorial migration from breeding areas in Australia and New Zealand (Ref. 87784).  Colonial breeder (Ref. 91362) at sub-antarctic islands (Refs. 356, 91362).  Winters in the sub-topical Pacific (Ref. 356).  Burrow- and crevice-nesting; early in nesting cycle, wander in and out of burrows; burrows without breeding owners having as much as 10  different individuals within a single season. Population declines linked to fish-net mortality (Ref. 87784).				
			
			
			
			
			
				Life cycle and mating behavior				
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
				Lepage, D. 2007 Avibase -the World Bird Database. http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp [accessed 09/07/2007]. (Ref. 7816)
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
					
						IUCN Red List Status    
						 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
				
			
			
			
			
				CITES status   (Ref. 108899)
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Not Evaluated				
			
			
			
			
			
				Threat to humans  
			
			
				
									
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Human uses  
			
			
							
			
			
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					More information				
				
					 Population dynamicsGrowthMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionAbundance   Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
  PhysiologyOxygen consumption
  Human RelatedStamps, coins, misc.
  				 
			 
			
			
			
				Internet sources
			
			
			
			
			
				Estimates based on models
			
			
			
							
			
			
			
			
			
						
							
				
					
						Fishing Vulnerability  					
					
					
						Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).					
				
						
						
			
									
						Price category  					
					
					Unknown.