Holothuroidea |
Holothuriida |
Holothuriidae
Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
Berasosiasi dengan karang; kisaran kedalaman 6 - 13 m (Acuan 107862). Tropical; 33°N - 33°S, 28°E - 77°W (Acuan 107060)
Indo-Pacific.
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 22.0 range ? - ? cm Max length : 60.0 cm TL jantan/; (Acuan 75656); common length : 35.0 cm TL jantan/; (Acuan 122); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 2.0 kg (Acuan 75656)
Mean live weight 300 to 800 g; body-wall thickness 0.3 cm. Body very elongate, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly. Tegument very smooth. Podia and papillae randomly distributed on bivium, the podia ending in a disc of around 480 micrometer diameter; podia on bivium numerous, short and stout, distributed on the radii and interradii, their calcareous disc and around 700 micrometer in diameter. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 black tentacles. Anus sub dorsal. Calcareous ring with large radial pieces and triangular interradials. Cuvierian tubules very thin and long. Entirely black. Spicules on dorsal and ventral tegument with tables and buttons; tables with circular large disc, having 8 holes or more, spire with 4 pillars, and ending in a crown with large central hole; buttons regular, with 6 or 8 holes, or irregular; plates large in ventral podia, with many holes; dorsal podia also with long rods; tentacles containing few rods.
Not traditionally harvested, due to the thin tegument and presence of Cuvierian tubules, but may be confused with other commercial black species of Holothuria. A shallow water species; mostly on outer and inner reef flats, back reefs, and shallow coastal lagoons. Abundant in seagrass beds, sandy-muddy grounds with rubble or coral patches where it hides the posterior part of its body (Ref. 122). Found under rocks to avoid dessication (Ref. 125338). Mean population density can exceed 0.5 per square meter. Inshore, shallow water populations are denser (Ref. 122). Feeds by extending its anterior end from a crevice (Ref. 85218). Deposit feeder (Ref. 103183). Sieves through the substrate it ingests, feeding on the organic matter (Ref. 125532). Found in waters less than 30m. Dwells intertidally, in pools and under rocks, and on soft substrates (Ref. 129602).
Inshore, shallow-water populations are composed of smaller individuals and reproduce mostly by transversal fission. Deeper or outer reef populations are composed of larger individuals reproducing sexually (Ref. 122). Members of the class Holothuroidea are gonochoric and have only one gonad. Spawning and fertilization are both external and some exhibit brooding. Life cycle: Embryos develop into planktotrophic larvae (auricularia) then into doliolaria (barrel-shaped stage) which later metamorphose into juvenile sea cucumbers (Ref. 833).
rujukan utama
Acuan | Koordinator | mitra
Conand, C. 1998 Holothurians (sea cucumbers, Class Holothuroidea). p. 1157-1190. In Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO Rome. (Acuan 122)
Status IUCN Red List
(Acuan 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
status CITES (Acuan 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
Alat, peralatan
informasi lanjut
FisiologiKonsumsi oksigen
Yang berhubungan dengan manusiaPerangko, koin, dll.
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Rate of population increase
|
Prior r = 1.20, 95% CL = 0.79 - 1.80, Based on 1 full stock assessment. |
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan
(Acuan 71543) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100). |
kategori harga
(Acuan 80766): |
Unknown. |
