Mammalia |
Carnivora |
Phocidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Bathydemersal. Polar; 90°N - 0°S, 180°W - 180°E
Northeast Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and the Arctic: Svalbard, Hudson Bay and Strait (Canada), Bering and Baltic Seas (Ref. 1394). Pusa hispida hispida: Arctic Ocean, Bering Sea, North Pole, James Bay and Baffin Island (Nunavut), Strait of Belle Isle (Newfoundland), Greenland, Barents Sea, Norway, White Sea, Kamchatka, Bristol Bay in Alaska, and vagrant to Azores, Germany, Portugal, New Jersey, Southern California; Pusa hispida botnica: Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia and Finland, Sweden, Latvia; Pusa hispida ladogensis: Russia, Gulf of Finland, Lake Ladoga, White Sea; Pusa hispida saimensis: Finland; Pusa hispida ochotensis: Sea of Okhotsk, Japan, Russia, Kamchatka, and vagrant to Jiangsu, China (Ref. 1522). Climate: Circumpolar, subtropical, boreal.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 165 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 1394); max. published weight: 110.0 kg (Ref. 1394)
Feeds on fishes and planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 1394). Incidental injuries and death of this species are caused by commercial fishing gears, i.e., flatfish trawl, pollock trawl, cod trawl, and cod longline (Ref. 118427).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood and M.A. Webber. 1993. (Ref. 1394)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us
Tools
More information
Life cycleReproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Human RelatedAquaculture profile
Stamps, Coins Misc.
Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): -1.8 - 4.1, mean -0.4 (based on 11480 cells).
Resilience
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.08-0.43).
Vulnerability
High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.