Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 0 - 150 m (Ref. 4), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 4). Subtropical, preferred 12°C (Ref. 107945); 69°N - 29°N, 28°W - 32°E (Ref. 4)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea. Not in east of Crete and in the Baltic Sea.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 8.9, range 8 - 8.3 cm Max length : 65.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 441); common length : 40.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 441); max. published weight: 6.0 kg (Ref. 4); max. reported age: 72 years (Ref. 81081)

Common total length: 23 to 50 cm.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Females with eggs are usually found throughout the year. The eggs are laid around July and carried for 10 to 11 months (Ref. 4). Coupling occurs a few days after the female molts (Ref. 80921).

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 December 2009

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: experimental
FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.7 - 13.3, mean 10.4 (based on 494 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.79-1.0; Fec=13,000).

Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate to high vulnerability (53 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients : Calcium = 109 [35, 184] mg/100g; Iron = 1.59 [1.21, 1.97] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.185, 0.386] g/100g; Selenium = 48.3 [-31.7, 128.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.79 [1.17, 2.40] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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