Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; brackish; pH range: 13.5 - 35.0; depth range 0 - 100 m (Ref. 356). Tropical; ? - 35°C (Ref. 104360), preferred 18°C (Ref. 107945); 56°N - 11°S, 75°E - 164°E (Ref. 348)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Indo-Pacific and the Mediterranean: from India and Sri Lanka to Micronesia; north to Sakhalin, the Japan Sea and Hawaii (introduced), and south to Indonesia. Introduced in the Northeast Atlantic.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 2.7 range ? - ? cm Max length : 8.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 348); common length : 5.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 348); max. reported age: 14 years (Ref. 104360)

Introduced incidentally with Japanese oysters (Crassostrea gigas), or for aquaculture trials, in many areas (Ref. 348).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Broadcast spawners. Life cycle: Embryos develop into free-swimming trocophore larvae, succeeded by the bivalve veliger (with ciliated vellum to assist mobility and feeding), resembling a miniature clam. After 2-4 weeks, it develops into a peliveliger with a formed foot to assist further with swimming, as well as byssal threads to help the clam secure itself onto the seafloor once it finds a suitable substrate to settle on. Burrowing into the ground allows the animal to find food and be protected from predators. Once settled, it will stay in the substrate and continue to grow into a mature clam.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

SAUP Database. 2006. (Ref. 356)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Not Evaluated

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Aquaculture: production, species profile; Fisheries: landings, species profile | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 15.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 (based on 1790 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.3-0.91; tm=1.5; tmax=14).

Prior r = 1.19, 95% CL = 0.79 - 1.79, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Nutrients : Calcium = 149 [71, 228] mg/100g; Iron = 8.53 [1.95, 15.11] mg/100g; Protein = 9.88 [8.64, 11.12] %; Omega3 = 0.313 [0.202, 0.423] g/100g; Selenium = 61 [50, 72] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 2.04 [0.56, 3.51] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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