Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Cephalopoda | Spirulida | Spirulidae

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Pelagic; depth range 100 - 1750 m (Ref. 1695). Tropical; ? - 10°C (Ref. 1695); 69°N - 32°S, 89°W - 160°W

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical oceanic waters. Tropical to polar.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ?, range 30 - ? cm Max length : 4.5 cm ML male/unsexed; (Ref. 1695)

Minimum depth from Ref. 106682. Rarely exceeds 4.5 cm ML (Ref. 1695).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Members of the class Cephalopoda are gonochoric. Male and female adults usually die shortly after spawning and brooding, respectively. Mating behavior: Males perform various displays to attract potential females for copulation. During copulation, male grasp the female and inserts the hectocotylus into the female's mantle cavity where fertilization usually occurs. Life cycle: Embryos hatch into planktonic stage and live for some time before they grow larger and take up a benthic existence as adults.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Jereb, P. and C.F.E. Roper (eds.). 2005. (Ref. 1695)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 29 March 2009

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 4.7 - 11.6, mean 7.1 (based on 951 cells).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

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