Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range
بوم شناسي
سطح زی; تغييرات عمق 0 - 2 m (مرجع 119695). Tropical; 34°N - 47°S, 180°W - 180°E
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and Antarctic Indian Ocean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
بلوغ: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (مرجع 8812); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 167.00 g (مرجع 356)
Culmen: 4.16 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 28.1 cm.
Total Length: 40 to 45 cm; Wingspan: 79 to 86 cm (Ref. 8812, 84934). Total population is 300,000 to 500,000 pairs. Tropical populations are sedentary while subtropical populations are more dispersive (Ref. 84934). Found nearshore to <100 km offshore (Ref. 356). Breeds aseasonally and colonially on cliffs, flat beaches, bare ground, and in bushes and trees on tropical and subtropical islands (Ref. 84934, 87784). Double-brooded (Ref. 84934). Highly pelagic and gregarious. Typically in large feeding flocks far out at sea over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362). Foraging behavior includes dipping and snatching food from the sea surface (Refs. 356, 84934, 87784) rarely plunge-diving or settling on water (Ref. 84934, 87784, 91362).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
مآخذ اصلی
مراجع | هماهنگ كننده | همكاران
Enticott, J. and D. Tipling. 1997. (مرجع 84934)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN
(مرجع 130435: Version 2024-2)
وضعيت از نظر سايتس (مرجع 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
خطر برای انسان ها
استفاده انسانی
| FishSource |
ابزارها
اطلاعات بيشتر
Population dynamicsرشدMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.نوسانات طولیMass conversionبازسازیفراواني Life cycleتولید مثل
بلوغ
Fecundity
تخم ریزی
Eggs
نمو تخم
Larvae
پويايي لاروي
Human RelatedAquaculture profiles
Stamps, coins, misc.
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
جهندگی
زياد, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت ، كمتر از 15 ماه (K=9.04-38.85).
آسيب پذيری
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
طبقه قيمت
Unknown.