Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
Others; 淡水; 半鹹淡水. Tropical; 84°N - 36°S, 130°W - 128°E (參考文獻 124582)
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic. Tropical to polar.
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 66.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (參考文獻 8812); 最大體重: 1.1 kg (參考文獻 356)
Culmen: 5.09 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 41.15 cm.
Total Length: 56 to 66 cm; Wingspan: 137 (Ref. 8812) to 147 cm (Ref. 84934). Total population is unknown but with over 1,000,000 pairs in the Palearctic and over 150,000 pairs in eastern North America. Population has expanded and is now considered a pest in some European countries (Ref. 84934). Colonies of these birds can extend to 2 km (Ref. 87784). It has a 70% dispersal rate (Ref. 87790). Dipping; surface seizing; shallow plunge diving; coastal; <100 km (Ref. 356). Largely dependent on freshwater and terrestrial environments. Feeds mostly on non-fish vertebrate prey. In the North Sea off the coasts of Scotland and northern England, is known to partially feed on the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (Ref. 95711). Breeds colonially in a wide variety of habitats including roofs in North America, Europe and northeast Asia (Ref. 84934). One of its observed behavior is to balance between attack and fleeing, these birds redirects their aggression and attack to a substitute object like grass pulling (Ref. 87789). As for coloniality, they visit breeding colonies for a year to select a colony, a potential nesting site, and to obtain a mate to determine if the site is where young are successfully reared (Ref. 84934).
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Stiles, F.G. 1984 Status and conservation of seabirds in Costa Rican waters. In Croxall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. and Schreiber, R.W. (eds.), Status and Conservation of the World's Seabirds. ICBP Technical Publication 2:223-229. (參考文獻 5856)
IUCN 瀕危狀態
(參考文獻 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 August 2021
CITES狀態 (參考文獻 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
工具
更多資訊
人口動態成長最大年齡/尺寸長度重量比長度關係長度-頻率質量轉換豐度
網路資源
基於模型的估計
回復力
(Ref. 69278): |
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=23.52-45.31) |
釣魚的脆弱性
(參考文獻 71543) |
Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100). |
價格種類
(參考文獻 80766): |
Unknown. |
