Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref. 2754). Subtropical, preferred 19°C (Ref. 107945); 50°N - 9°N, 32°W - 36°E (Ref. 99669)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: North to the Channel Islands, south to Guinea, including Azores, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and east to the Mediterranean. Introduced in Ireland and Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea in Israel.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 4.9, range 4 - 5.4 cm Max length : 12.3 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 99669); common length : 8.0 cm SHL male/unsexed; (Ref. 438); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 99669)

Collected from the sublittoral zone, from low tide up to a depth of 200 m (Ref. 2754).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Gonochoric; broadcast spawners (males release first before the females). Spawning occurs from spring to late autumn.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Demir, M. 2003. (Ref. 2754)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Vulnerable (VU) (A2de); Date assessed: 20 December 2019

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Aquaculture: production; Fisheries: landings | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Trophic Ecology

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7 - 18.6, mean 10.5 (based on 572 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.27-0.4; tm=3; tmax=15).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): High.

Nutrients : Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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