Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍
生態學
大洋性; 深度上下限 0 - 2 m (參考文獻 119695). Tropical; 34°N - 47°S, 180°W - 180°E
Indo-Pacific, Atlantic and Antarctic Indian Ocean.
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (參考文獻 8812); 最大體重: 167.00 g (參考文獻 356)
Culmen: 4.16 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 28.1 cm.
Total Length: 40 to 45 cm; Wingspan: 79 to 86 cm (Ref. 8812, 84934). Total population is 300,000 to 500,000 pairs. Tropical populations are sedentary while subtropical populations are more dispersive (Ref. 84934). Found nearshore to <100 km offshore (Ref. 356). Breeds aseasonally and colonially on cliffs, flat beaches, bare ground, and in bushes and trees on tropical and subtropical islands (Ref. 84934, 87784). Double-brooded (Ref. 84934). Highly pelagic and gregarious. Typically in large feeding flocks far out at sea over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362). Foraging behavior includes dipping and snatching food from the sea surface (Refs. 356, 84934, 87784) rarely plunge-diving or settling on water (Ref. 84934, 87784, 91362).
生命週期和交配行為
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
主要參考資料
參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Enticott, J. and D. Tipling 1997 Seabirds of the World: the complete reference. Singapore: New Holland (Publishers) Ltd. 234 p. (參考文獻 84934)
IUCN 瀕危狀態
(參考文獻 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 February 2020
CITES狀態 (參考文獻 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
人類使用
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |
工具
更多資訊
人口動態成長最大年齡/尺寸長度重量比長度關係長度-頻率質量轉換豐度
網路資源
基於模型的估計
回復力
(Ref. 69278): |
高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=9.04-38.85) |
釣魚的脆弱性
(參考文獻 71543) |
Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100). |
價格種類
(參考文獻 80766): |
Unknown. |
