Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 0 - 90 m (Ref. 441). Tropical, preferred 27°C (Ref. 107945); 35°N - 24°S, 97°W - 11°E (Ref. 4)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Atlantic Ocean.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 8.3, range 7 - 8.1 cm Max length : 45.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4); common length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 129472)

Longevity from Ref. 129472 (Supplementary material).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Females move to deeper water for spawning and there are mass migrations in the autumn when the animals, in single files up to 50 individuals, move in a certain direction in daytime, each animal having body contact with the next through the antennae; In the northern part of its range, larvae are found mainly from June to December (Ref. 4).

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Holthuis, L.B. 1991. (Ref. 4)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Data deficient (DD) ; Date assessed: 03 December 2009

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
FAO - Fisheries: landings, species profile | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Trophic Ecology

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Diet
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Ecology

Ecology
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Population dynamics

Growth
Age/Size
Length-weight
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Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Recruitment
Abundance

Life cycle

Reproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larval dynamics

Distribution

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FAO areas
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Occurrences
Introductions

Human Related

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Taxonomy

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Synonyms
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References

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 23.7 - 28, mean 26.7 (based on 346 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.16-0.39; tm=4).

Prior r = 0.82, 95% CL = 0.54 - 1.23, Based on 1 full stock assessment.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Nutrients : Calcium = 109 [35, 184] mg/100g; Iron = 1.59 [1.21, 1.97] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [19.2, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.285 [0.185, 0.386] g/100g; Selenium = 48.3 [-31.7, 128.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.79 [1.17, 2.40] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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