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Holothuria - Species in
Holothuriidae - - Classification -
- Holothuriidae
- Holothuriida
- Holothuroidea
- Chordata
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Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833
Sand fish| Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050 |
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| This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. |
| Holothuria scabra AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS |
Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS
Holothuroidea | Holothuriida | Holothuriidae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range Οικολογία
Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 0 - 10 m (Αναφ. 122). Tropical; 30°N - 27°S, 32°E - 172°W (Αναφ. 107065)
Distribution Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Εισαγωγές
Indo-Pacific, excluding Hawaii.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Weight / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ?, range 16 - ? cm Max length : 40.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 418); common length : 22.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Αναφ. 122); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.5 kg (Αναφ. 418)
Short description Μορφολογία
Maximum total length: 35 cm, commonly 22 cm. Mean live weight: 300 g up to 1000 g (Ref. 122);1500 g (Ref. 418). Body-wall thickness: 0.6 cm. Body: oval, arched dorsally (bivium) and flattened ventrally (trivium). Bivium with characteristics wrinkles, covered by sediment when the animal is coming out of the bottom. Bivium with small papillae within black dots, and black podia ending in a disc of around 0.022 cm diameter; podia on trivium arranged irregularly, their calcareous disc around 0.035 cm in diameter. Mouth: ventral, surrounded by a collar of papillae and 20 grey, short and stout tentacles. Anus terminal, surrounded by a circle of 5 groups of radial papillae. Calcareous ring with a large medioventral radial piece. Cuvierian tubules absent. Color: highly variable; bivium whitish to dark brown, occasionally with dark transverse markings; trivium lighter, generally whitish. Spicules: very numerous; ventral tegument with tables and buttons, the tables having a moderately small disc, perforated by a varying number of holes of variable size, the spire with 4 pillars and a cross-like bridge, ending in a spiny crown with a hole in the middle; knobby buttons generally have 6 holes, occasionally more; small rods and denticulate plates also present; tables and buttons in dorsal tegument: tables with a nodose disc, much larger than in ventral tegument; buttons variable, larger, and more perforated than those in ventral tegument; ventral and dorsal podia with long and large spinose rods; tentacles with long spiny rods, small smooth rods, and large denticulate plates (Ref. 122).
Populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter. Provides the principal share of the tropical Indo-Pacific production of béche-de-mer and is harvested throughout the area in artisanal fisheries. Collected by hand while wading on the reefs at low tide. The processing method is particular of this species: the sea cucumbers are buried overnight, and the next day the numerous spicules are removed by brushing the tegument. The processed product is of major commercial value and at present highly demanded (Ref. 122). Found in shallow waters, rarely in depths of more than 10 m; mostly on inner reef flats of fringing and lagoon-islets reefs, coastal areas under terrigenous influence, and near mangroves. Burrows in mud and sandy-muddy bottoms (Also Ref. 129602) where the populations can reach high densities up to 1 per square meter (Ref. 122). Found in silty sand, often near low saline areas and frequently on Cymodocea sp. beds, from the intertidal to a depth of 10 m. It buries in sand part of the day but is gregarious in nature (Ref. 118). Also found in intertidal seagrass beds (Refs. 106849, 129602). Benthic detritus feeder; assimilates organic matter from muddy sandy sediments, among other food sources (Ref. 101695).
Life cycle and mating behavior Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Eggs | Γονιμότητα | Larvae
Sexual reproduction takes place during warm season. A species with a high potential fecundity and early sexual maturity (Ref. 122).
Main reference
Αναφορές | Συντονιστής | Συνεργάτες
Conand, C. 1998 Holothurians (sea cucumbers, Class Holothuroidea). p. 1157-1190. In Carpenter, K.E. and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO Rome. (Αναφ. 122)
IUCN Red List Status
(Αναφ. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Endangered (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 18 May 2010
CITES status (Αναφ. 108899)
Not Evaluated
CMS (Αναφ. 116361)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό
| FishSource |
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Τροφική Οικολογία
Οικολογία
Population dynamics
Life cycle
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Physiology
Κατανάλωση οξυγόνου
Human Related
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Αναφορές
Διαδικτυακές πηγές
BHL | BOLD Systems | CISTI | DiscoverLife | FAO(Publication : search) | Fishipedia | GenBank (genome, nucleotide) | GloBI | Gomexsi | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | PubMed | Δέντρο Ζωής | Wikipedia (Go, αναζήτηση) | Zoological Record
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref. 115969): 25.8 - 29.3, mean 28.6 (based on 2941 cells).
Ελαστικότητα
(Ref. 69278):
Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (K=0.52).
Price category
(Αναφ. 80766):
Unknown.