Aves |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae
Environment: milieu / climate zone / djupintervall / distribution range
Ekologi
. Tropical; 33°N - 37°S, 104°E - 12°E
Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Könsmognad: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm Max length : 39.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 8812); publicerad maxvikt: 144.00 g (Ref. 356)
Culmen: 3.72 cm; tarsus: 2.5 cm; wing: 23.5 cm.
Total Length: 35 to 39 cm; Wingspan: 66 (Ref. 8812) to 76 cm (Refs. 84934, 91362). Total population is over 200,000 pairs (Ref. 84934). Coastal to <10 km offshore (Ref. 356). Found on coastal rock, and over sea (Ref. 83946). Breeds annually in dense colonies, preferably in bushes and trees in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Ref. 84934). They are double-brooded. When there is danger, alarm calls are given by adults and chicks respond by crouching in place (Ref. 87784). Highly pelagic. Typically feeds far out at sea in large, gregarious flocks over shoals of predatory fish (Ref. 91362). Exhibits dipping and surface-seizing foraging behavior (Ref. 356). Feed mainly by dipping, hovering and picking from or just below the surface of the water. Also, shallow-plunging (Ref. 126735).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Lusk, M.R., P. Bruner and C. Kessler. 2000. (Ref. 5591)
IUCN Red List Status
(Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
CITES status (Ref. 108899)
Not Evaluated
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Human uses
| FishSource |
Verktyg
Ytterligare information
Trophic EcologyFödoslagFödosammansättningFödointagFood rationsPredatorer Population dynamicsTillväxtMax. ages / sizesLength-weight rel.Length-length rel.Length-frequenciesMass conversionRekryteringAbundans Life cycleReproduktion
Könsmognad
Fecundity
Lek
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larvdynamik
Human RelatedAquaculture profiles
Stamps, coins, misc.
Internet-källor
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature
(Ref.
115969): 24.2 - 29.3, mean 28.2 (based on 2178 cells).
Resiliens
Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=42.36).
Vulnerability
Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Price category
Unknown.