Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Others; freshwater; brackish. Tropical; 84°N - 36°S, 130°W - 128°E (Ref. 124582)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Indo-Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic. Tropical to polar.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm Max length : 66.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 8812); max. published weight: 1.1 kg (Ref. 356)

Short description Morphology

Culmen: 5.09 cm; tarsus: 5.715 cm; wing: 41.15 cm.

Total Length: 56 to 66 cm; Wingspan: 137 (Ref. 8812) to 147 cm (Ref. 84934). Total population is unknown but with over 1,000,000 pairs in the Palearctic and over 150,000 pairs in eastern North America. Population has expanded and is now considered a pest in some European countries (Ref. 84934). Colonies of these birds can extend to 2 km (Ref. 87784). It has a 70% dispersal rate (Ref. 87790).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Stiles, F.G. 1984. (Ref. 5856)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 August 2021

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

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References

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 2.6 - 24.3, mean 10.1 (based on 3678 cells).

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=23.52-45.31).

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

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