Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | CoL | ITIS | WoRMS

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Benthic; depth range 1 - 200 m (Ref. 105998). Subtropical, preferred 20°C (Ref. 107945); 45°N - 30°N, 10°W - 36°E

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean: from Portugal to central Morocco in the Atlantic, and east to Lebanon. Introduced in Atlantic Spain.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 5.6, range 4 - ? cm Max length : 10.8 cm ShL male/unsexed; (Ref. 127250); max. published weight: 79.70 g (Ref. 127250)

Has high economic value since ancient times because it is used to produce a purple dye (Refs. 78459, 78460 and 78461).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Showed an annual reproductive cycle in the Catalan coast. The reproductive cycle had two peaks (April and June -July) but the first one seems to be less important because the number of immature females is higher than the mature ones.

Main reference References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Museum of Natural History in Paris. 2005. (Ref. 1056)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

Not Evaluated

CITES status (Ref. 108899)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial
| FishSource | Sea Around Us

Tools

E-book | Field guide

More information

Trophic Ecology

Food items
Diet
Food consumption
Ration
Predators

Ecology

Ecology
Home ranges

Population dynamics

Growth
Age/Size
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Mass conversion
Recruitment
Abundance

Life cycle

Reproduction
Maturity
Fecundity
Spawning
Eggs
Egg development
Larvae
Larval dynamics

Distribution

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions

Human Related

Aquaculture profile
Stamps, Coins Misc.

Outreach

Collaborators

Taxonomy

Common names
Synonyms
Morphology
Pictures

References

Internet sources

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 16.2 - 21.6, mean 19.3 (based on 132 cells).

Prior r = 1.01, 95% CL = 0.67 - 1.52, Based on 2 full stock assessments.

Vulnerability (Ref. 71543): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Nutrients : Calcium = 126 [75, 177] mg/100g; Iron = 4.79 [1.67, 7.92] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [14.8, 16.9] %; Omega3 = 0.331 [0.263, 0.400] g/100g; Selenium = 57.8 [48.5, 67.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 0 μg/100g; Zinc = 1.97 [0.92, 3.02] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.

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